This article examines efforts to lease revenue-generating transportation facilities in the twenty-first century, focusing on two high-profile toll roads: the Pennsylvania Turnpike, operated by an independent public authority, and the Chicago Skyway, originally built and managed under the auspices of the City of Chicago. In 2004, the Chicago City Council unanimously approved a ninety-nine-year Skyway lease for $1.83 billion. In contrast, the fate of the Pennsylvania Turnpike was hotly contested, and in 2008 a long-term lease deal failed to win approval. The divergent history of these facilities highlights the close relationship between infrastructure financing and the locus of control, with important implications for transportation planning.
The moral and military aspects of the International Brigades’ record in Spain (1936-8) remain subjects of scholarly investigation and wider debate. Popular fascination was exemplified by the selection of Hemingway’s For Whom the Bell Tolls as a favourite novel by both main candidates ...
Southeast Asia is a hotspot for emerging infectious diseases, including those with pandemic potential. Emerging infectious diseases have exacted heavy public health and economic tolls. Severe acute respiratory syndrome rapidly decimated the region's tourist industry. Influenza A H5N1 has had a pr...
The Crown had many prerogatives (privileges) which other legal and natural persons did not have, due to the pre-eminent role of the sovereign. Some of these the Crown franchised to its subjects for money. In modern times the continued retention of these prerogatives needs to be considered. Also, ...
Any man's death diminishes me because I am involved in mankind, and therefore never send to know for whom the bell tolls; it tolls for thee. (John Donne, Meditation XV11) The growing TB epidemic is no longer an emergency only for those who care about health, but also for those who care about jus...
This work presents a heuristic combining dual variable approximation techniques and the method of successive average to determine the time-varying tolls in a general transportation network. The dual approximation techniques exploit the linear programming structure of the underlying assignment pro...
A recent advance in the treatment and understanding of autoimmune disease has been the efficacy of B-cell-targeted therapy. Such therapies are effective for several such diseases, with systemic autoimmunity being a prototypical example. The mechanism of action is not fully defined, but blocking B...
The effect of the application of advanced transport information system (ATIS) and road pricing is studied in a transportation system under non-recurrent congestion. A stochastic network deterministic user equilibrium model (SNDUE) with elastic demand is formulated and used to evaluate the welfare...
Congestion tolls are considered to be Pareto-improving if they reduce travel delay or improve social benefit and ensure that, when compared to the situation without any tolling intervention, no user is worse off in terms of travel cost measured, e.g., in units of time. The problem of finding Pare...
This study reports 4 cases of occult parotid malignancy presenting with sudden-onset facial paralysis to demonstrate that failure to regain tone 6 months after onset distinguishes these patients from Bell's palsy patients with delayed recovery and to propose a diagnostic algorithm for this subset...
The recent literature on congestion pricing with large agents contains a remarkable inconsistency: though agents are large enough to recognize self-imposed congestion and exert market power over prices, they do not take into account the impact of their own actions on the magnitude of congestion t...
